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IL EXISTE MILLE MANIERES DE MENTIR, MAIS UNE SEULE DE DIRE LA VERITE.

Le Mensonge peut courir un an, la vérité le rattrape en un jour, dit le sage Haoussa .

Tant que les lions n’auront pas leurs propres historiens, les histoires de chasse continueront de glorifier le chasseur.










Thursday, February 25, 2010

La vérité sur le Mossad




Le 24 fevrier 2010
Miftah - 2010-02-20

Le Mossad, comme tout autre service de renseignement, cherche à attirer l’attention simplement quand quelque chose va mal, ou pour se vanter d’un succès spectaculaire et qu’il veut envoyer un avertissement à ses ennemis.
En novembre dernier, une femme israélienne vigilante, nommée Niva Ben-Harush, a alerté la police parce qu’un jeune homme était en train de fixer quelque chose qui ressemblait étrangement à une bombe sous une voiture, dans une rue tranquille du port de Tel-Aviv. Quand la police arrêta le jeune homme, celui-ci prétendit qu’il était un agent du service secret Mossad, et qu’il participait à un exercice d’entraînement : son histoire était vraie, même si la bombe était factice.
Aucun commentaire à ce sujet n’a été fait par le cabinet du Premier ministre israélien qui est la voix officielle – parlant systématiquement pour ne rien dire – de l’organisation d’espionnage du pays, mondialement célèbre. Le poseur de bombe maladroit n’eut droit qu’à quelques mots laconiques aux infos locales du soir.
Il existe, cependant, un autre action, plus importante – et qui fut diffusée dans le monde entier –, il y a eu deux ans cette semaine -, où une bombe explosa dans un jeep Pajero, à Damas, décapitant un homme du nom de Imad Mughniyeh. Mughniyeh était un chef militaire du mouvement chiite Hezbollah, allié de l’Iran, et qui était recherché par les Etats-Unis, la France et une demi-douzaine d’autres pays. Israël s’en est toujours tenu au sibyllin, hochant la tête et faisant des clins d’œil, quand il était question de cet assassinat au cœur de la capitale syrienne, mais beaucoup ont pensé qu’il s’agissait là de l’une de ses opérations clandestines les plus audacieuses et les plus raffinées.
Le Mossad, comme tout autre service de renseignement, cherche à attirer l’attention simplement quand quelque chose va mal, ou pour se vanter d’un succès spectaculaire et qu’il veut envoyer un avertissement à ses ennemis. L’assassinat le mois dernier d’un haut responsable du Hamas à Dubaï, au cœur aujourd’hui d’une agitation diplomatique brûlante entre Israël et la Grande-Bretagne, est un curieux mélange des deux.
Avec ses passeports étrangers clonés, ses multiples camouflages, ses moyens de communication ultramodernes et le présumé contrebandier d’armes Mahmoud al-Mabhou – l’un des rares points de l’intrigue non enregistré par les caméras de vidéosurveillance de l’Emirat -, il y a tout pour un conte fascinant sur le culot, la violence et la froide détermination de la profession. Et avec le mouvement islamique palestinien qui maintenant promet de se venger, il semble qu’il y ait un certain acharnement pour qu’un nouveau bain de sang suive.
Les images en provenance de Dubaï entrent dans la logique de l’injonction biblique (et de la vieille devise du Mossad) : « Par la tromperie, la guerre mèneras ». Le travail de l’agence, comme son site l’explique plus prosaïquement, est de « collecter l’information, d’analyser les renseignements et d’effectuer des opérations spéciales clandestines au-delà des frontières (d’Israël). »
Fondé en 1948 en même temps que le nouvel Etat juif, le Mossad est surtout resté dans l’ombre dans ses premières années. Yitzhak Shamir, un ancien du gang terroriste Stern et futur Premier ministre, monta des opérations avec pour cibles des scientifiques allemands qui aidaient l’Egypte de Nasser à fabriquer des missiles – préfigurant les futures campagnes israéliennes visant à perturber les tentatives iraquiennes et (toujours en cours) iraniennes pour acquérir des armes nucléaires ou autres.
Parmi les exploits les plus célèbres du Mossad, il y a l’enlèvement du criminel de guerre nazi en fuite, Adolf Eichmann, qui fut par la suite jugé et pendu en Israël. Egalement, la préparation de la défection du pilote iraquien qui amena son Mig-21 en Israël, et le soutien aux rebelles kurdes iraquiens contre Bagdad. Les secrets militaires soutirés par Elie Cohen, le tristement célèbre espion qui infiltra la direction syrienne, ont aidé Israël à s’emparer du plateau du Golan pendant la guerre du Moyen-Orient en 1967.
Ce n’est que par la suite que le rôle du service s’est élargi au combat contre les Palestiniens qui avaient été galvanisés sous Yasser Arafat dans leur résistance à Israël en Cisjordanie et la bande de Gaza nouvellement occupées. Les années 70 connurent ce que l’on a appelé la « guerre des espions » avec des agents du Mossad opérant sous couverture diplomatique étrangère, recrutant et dirigeant des informateurs au sein du Fatah et d’autres groupes palestiniens. Baruch Cohen, un indic prêté au Mossad par le Shin Bet, les services de sécurité intérieurs, a été abattu dans un café à Madrid par son propre agent. Bassam Abu Sharif, du Front populaire pour la libération de la Palestine, parti marxiste, a été défiguré par un colis piégé que le Mossad lui avait envoyé à Beyrouth.
Le film de Steven Spielgerg, Munich, en 2006 a participé à créer le mythe d’un Mossad à la poursuite des terroristes de Septembre Noir qui avaient massacré 11 athlètes israéliens aux Jeux olympiques de 1972. Onze d’entre eux avaient été éliminés dans des assassinats en Europe, spécialement dans la petite ville norvégienne de Lillehammer, où un garçon de café marocain avait été pris par erreur pour Ali Hassan Salameh, le cerveau du complot du Munich. Salameh fut par la suite assassiné par une voiture piégée à Beyrouth, en 1979, le genre d’incident qui fait que les Libanais et les Palestiniens font particulièrement attention à l’épisode de l’entraînement bâclé de l’année dernière à Tel-Aviv.
Certains détails de l’assassinat de Mabhouh le mois dernier rappellent la campagne contre Septembre noir – qui s’est terminée par l’arrestation catastrophique de cinq agents du Mossad. Sylvia Raphael, chrétienne née en Afrique du sud de père juif, a passé cinq ans dans une prison norvégienne ; elle a pu faire partie de ces jeunes Européens d’Israël qui furent discrètement contactés, dans des bureaux anonymes à Tel-Aviv, pour savoir s’ils aimeraient se porter volontaires pour des missions sensibles touchant à la sécurité d’Israël. D’autres agents qui avaient été brûlés ont dû être rappelés, des maisons sûres abandonnées, des numéros de téléphone changés et des méthodes opérationnelles modifiées.
Au fil des années, l’image du Mossad s’est sérieusement ternie, en Israël comme à l’étranger. Il lui était reproché notamment de n’avoir pas su éventer les projets égypto-syriens de l’attaque dévastatrice qui déclancha la guerre du Yom Kippur en 1973. Les critiques se sont demandés si les espions n’avaient pas eu comme première priorité de traquer les combattants palestiniens dans les banlieues des cités européennes, au lieu d’avoir à s’emparer des secrets du Caire et de Damas. Le Mossad a aussi joué un rôle important, bien que toujours méconnu, dans la fourniture clandestine d’armes à l’Ayatollah Khomeini pour l’aider à combattre l’Iraq de Saddam Hussein, partie intégrante du scandale de l’Iran-Contra (Irangate) sous la présidence Ronald Reagan.
Il a, en outre, encaissé des coups, par moment, venant de ses propres agents mécontents. En 1990, un ancien agent, né au Canada, et qui s’appelait Victor Ostrovsky, dénonça sa propre organisation interne, pour sa formation et ses méthodes, révélant des noms codés comme « Kidon » (baïonnette), l’unité qui a la charge des assassinats. Une campagne de diffamation officielle n’a pas réussi à empêcher la sortie du livre d’Ostrovsky, aussi l’agence est restée calme quand une autre accusation intérieure fut portée ostensiblement en 2007. Celle-ci évoquait l’usage de radios ondes courtes pour l’envoi de transmissions codées, les opérations en Iran pour recueillir des échantillons du sol, et des opérations communes avec la CIA contre le Hezbollah.
Mais la pire des missions s’est présentée en 1997, pendant le premier mandat de Premier ministre de Benjamin Netanyahu. Les agents du Mossad essayèrent, en vain, d’assassiner Khaled Mash’al – ce même dirigeant Hamas qui menace aujourd’hui de représailles pour l’assassinat de Mabhouh – en lui injectant du poison dans l’oreille, à Amman, Jordanie. Utilisant des passeports canadiens falsifiés, ils avaient fui vers l’ambassade israélienne, provoquant l’indignation et une énorme crise diplomatique avec la Jordanie. Danny Yatom, alors chef du Mossad, avait été obligé de laisser tomber. Ephraim Halevy, ancien membre du Mossad, londonien, fut sorti de sa retraite paisible pour remettre de l’ordre.
L’assassinat de Dubaï, cependant, pourrait s’avérer plus dommageable – notamment parce que le contexte politique et diplomatique a changé lors de la dernière décennie. La réputation d’Israël a pris des coups comme jamais, pour descendre au plus bas lors de l’opération Plomb durci de l’an dernier, contre la bande de Gaza. « Dans le climat actuel, les traces que va laisser Dubaï sont susceptibles de causer de sérieux préjudices à l’image internationale d’Israël, » estimait hier l’ancien diplomate Alon Liel.
Même si Israël maintient sa politique rituelle d’ « ambiguïté » à l’égard des opérations clandestines, refusant de confirmer ou d’infirmer toute implication dans l’affaire de Dubaï, personne au monde ne semble sérieusement la remettre en question. Y compris quasiment toute la presse israélienne, liée par les règles de la censure militaire, dans un petit pays bavard où les secrets sont souvent assez largement découverts.
Il serait surprenant que cette extraordinaire histoire ne révélât pas, comme élément clé, le rôle joué par les Palestiniens. La pratique du Mossad a toujours été de recruter des agents doubles, comme il le fit avec l’OLP dans les années 70. La nouvelle de l’arrestation à Damas d’un autre agent de premier plan du Hamas – malgré le démenti de Mash’al – semble aller dans cette direction. Deux autres Palestiniens extradés de Jordanie vers Dubaï, membres de la branche armée du Hamas, les Brigades Izzedine al-Qassam, laissent supposer l’existence d’une possible trahison. Des assassinats antérieurs avaient impliqué un agent palestinien pour identifier la cible.
Yossi Melman, spécialiste des renseignements au quotidien Ha’aretz d’Israël, craint que, comme avant la guerre de 1973, le gouvernement israélien ne fasse l’erreur de se focaliser sur le mauvais adversaire – les Palestiniens – au lieu de donner la priorité à l’Iran et au Hezbollah.
« Le Mossad n’est pas une société d’assassins, comme la Mafia ; son but n’est pas de se venger de ses ennemis, » écrit-il cette semaine. « Les ‘opérations spéciales’ comme l’assassinat à Dubaï – si c’est effectivement une opération du Mossad – ont toujours représenté une proportion relativement faible de son activité globale. Néanmoins, ce sont des opérations qui donnent son auréole à l’organisation, son image brillante. Cela risque en fin de compte d’aveugler ses propres rangs, de les intoxiquer par leur propre succès, et ainsi, de détourner leur attention de leur mission première. »
D’un point de vue israélien officiel, le Mossad a une tâche importante à remplir. Sa réputation d’insensibilité et de ruse reste un atout puissant, poussant à ce qui semble être parfois comme une admiration réticente, ou une répugnance dans le monde arabe – où une prédisposition pour les théories de conspirations stimule l’action de la guerre de désinformation et psychologique, à laquelle on dit que les Israéliens excellent.
D’après la version officielle du gouvernement, naturellement, le Hamas est une organisation terroriste qui a mis au point des attentats suicides atroces, tiré des milliers de missiles sur des cibles civiles israéliennes et – malgré des signes occasionnels de pragmatisme ou de disponibilité à une trêve temporaire ou à un échange de prisonniers – qui reste voué à la destruction de l’Etat juif. Le gouvernement refuse de reconnaître que sa colonisation toujours en cours en Cisjordanie reste l’obstacle important à la paix.
Dans les pays occidentaux, notamment en Grande-Bretagne, une colère générale s’est manifestée devant les 1 400 victimes palestiniennes de la guerre de Gaza. Barack Obama a qualifié l’occupation d’ « intolérable ». Netanyahu dirige la coalition la plus à droite de l’histoire d’Israël ; sa célèbre boutade comme quoi le Moyen-Orient serait un « voisinage difficile » ne semble plus justifier de la jouer en traître.
Pourtant, les Israéliens, et pas seulement ceux de droite, s’inquiètent de voir leur existence même, en tant qu’Etat indépendant, en train de perdre sa légitimité. Et, à en juger par la rubrique Emplois du site du Mossad, il y a toujours bien des opportunités pour les espions en herbe : des postes motivants sont disponibles pour les chercheurs, les analystes, les agents sécurité, les cryptographes et autres techniciens. Ceux qui parlent arabe et perse sont invités à déposer une candidature comme agents de renseignements. La fonction implique des déplacements à l’étranger et un environnement « jeune et peu conventionnel ».
C’est une nouveauté dans cet histoire que des citoyens israéliens ordinaires soient furieux que leur identité semble avoir été volée par des agents secrets de leur propre gouvernement – une raison pour laquelle les jours du chef du Mossad, Meir Dagan, pourraient bien être comptés. Mais il est difficile de ne pas sentir, sous-jacente, une admiration populaire pour les assassins de Mabhouh. Le lendemain où les images sensationnelles de vidéosurveillance et les photos des passeports ont été diffusées, le champion de tennis israélien, Shahar Pe’er arrivait en quart de finale dans une compétition internationale importante aux Emirats. « Nouvelle opération réussie à Dubaî », titrait le site Ynet.
Ofer Kasti, correspondant pour l’enseignement à Ha’aretz, n’a pas eu son passeport cloné, mais il ressemble de façon frappante au membre du commando nommé Kevin Daveron. « Ma maman a appelé et m’a gentiment demandé si je m’étais rendu à l’étranger récemment », écrit-il. « Des amis m’ont demandé pourquoi je n’avais pas ramené des cigarettes de la boutique duty free de Dubaï. Je sentais les regards admiratifs sur moi dans la rue. "Bien joué" a dit une vieille femme en venant vers moi dans un supermarché et en me tapant sur l’épaule. "Vous en avez fait voir aux Arabes" ».




Article original en anglais, The Truth about the Mossad, le 20 février 2010.

Traduction : JPP pour l'AFPS.



Wikio

Wednesday, February 24, 2010

50 ans d'indépendance:Notre responsabilité par Bacary Domingo MANE

Ils sont trop vieux…pour assurer la relève. Ils ont l’âge de leur père ou de leur grand-père. Ces jeunes ont porté sur leurs frêles épaules le lourd fardeau des générations antérieures. Celles qui, aujourd’hui, ont des choses à se reprocher. Ils ont intériorisé leurs défauts, leurs tares pour ensuite les ressasser et les reproduire à la moindre occasion. Le ver est dans le fruit et les jeunes générations sont en train de payer des pots qu’elles n’ont pas cassés.

Dans les formations politiques ou de la société civile, ils cherchent à se faire parrainer, portent souvent le combat de leurs aînés qui s’inscrivent hélas, dans une logique de lutte de places. Au sein de ces structures, le travail des jeunes est souvent réduit à répondre aux invectives des adversaires, à servir de bouclier lorsque la police charge la foule de manifestants, ou d’instrument de marketing politique entre les mains d’aînés au cynisme inqualifiable.

Tout comme leurs aînés, leur champ de vision se rétrécit telle peau de chagrin sous le soleil des désirs futiles. Ils se contentent de postes et leur horizon est le cimetière de grandes ambitions qui auraient pu transformer le monde. Comme si ces jeunes ont été formatés de manière à tuer en eux ce désir d’aller toujours de l’avant et de faire du monde un construit où les générations montantes retrouveront enfin cette envie de vivre.

Comme si ces jeunes qui ont subi la gestion chaotique des hommes politiques durant plusieurs décennies, étaient condamnés. La quête des honneurs et des privilèges ont conduit le Prince a cultivé le tribalisme et l’ethnicité pour faire asseoir son pouvoir. Les travaux du Pr Albert Muluma Munanga : « L’ethnicité et le phénomène urbain en Afrique subsaharienne » sont d’un intérêt remarquable. Si bien que les jeunes qui se sont lancés en politique sont écartelés entre l’appartenance à un groupe, et l’adhésion à un parti parce que porteur d’un projet de société auquel on souscrit entièrement.

Triste et amer anniversaire

En 2010, l’Afrique fêtera ses cinquante ans d’indépendance. Notre pays sera de la partie et il se dit que les autorités préparent une cérémonie grandiose, avec les fastes dignes des régimes monarchiques. Triste et amer anniversaire pour une jeunesse sacrifiée sur l’autel de l’insouciance d’une élite dirigeante qui a fini de la jeter dans la rue, après avoir confisqué ses rêves et ses espoirs. Exposant du coup cette jeunesse à tous les doutes. Et chaque jour qui passe est un jour de trop dans la lutte pour la survie où le désespoir est noyé dans un joint de « mariguana » ou enfoui dans la poudre de cocaïne. Le drame de ces jeunes nous donne une idée de la responsabilité de nos élites dirigeantes.

Les « enfants de personne »

Des jeunes désœuvrés qui, pour survivre, se donnent à des activités illicites et dangereuses. Le dur quotidien les expose aux intempéries et à toutes formes d’actes délictueux. Et cette élite dirigeante, à beau détourner le regard pour des raisons de mauvaise conscience, croise chaque jour que Dieu fait ces jeunes abandonnés à leur sort, dans les épaves de voitures, les décharges, dans les constructions inachevées ou des maisons inhabitées, dans les marchés etc. On les appelle chez nous les « boudjmans » ou « Fakhmans », en RD Congo les « Shégués », au Bénin les « Vido-Mêgon » dans sa version traite des enfants,

Ces fouilleurs de décharges, dealers ou rabatteurs pour les proxénètes sont curieusement des soutiens de famille. Leurs « activités » font vivre des bouches.

Des « enfants de personne », une expression empruntée à Ma Solo Masiala, (puisque dans l’imaginaire collectif une personne qui ne réussit pas n’appartient à personne) dressés comme des fauves par une société inégalitaire, ne pourront être que des forces de destruction massive. Ils symbolisent la déchéance éthique et spirituelle de nos « Etats manqués », pour parler comme Noam Chomsky, auteur de « Les Etats Manqués - Abus De Puissance Et Déficit Démocratique ». Véritables menaces pour les autres nations et leur propre population, parce que ces « Etats manqués » bafouent les lois et les principes de la démocratie.

Vraies questions, fausses réponses

Pour cette jeunesse les repères constructeurs se sont effondrés et trouve désormais son inspiration dans les comportements des adultes et de ces politiciens sans principes qui prônent des anti-valeurs comme la haine, l’impunité, la corruption, le non respect de la parole donnée, le cynisme l’hypocrisie…

Face aux vraies revendications de la jeunesse africaine, les élites dirigeantes nous ont habitués à donner de fausses ou mauvaises réponses. Comme lorsque les pouvoirs publics répondent à la violence de la jeunesse par la violence des forces de l’ordre, ou lorsqu’on tire à balles réelles sur des enfants affamés dévalisant des boutiques à la recherche de pain, ou quand on jette en prison les voleurs de poules, les pickpockets ou les fumeurs de « gandja », l’herbe sauvage.

Malheureusement les analystes qui sont censés éclairer notre lanterne, versent souvent dans une réflexion facile qui est loin de démêler les fils d’un mécanisme de descente aux enfers toujours plus vertigineux pour une jeunesse désorientée. L’habitude aidant, les malheurs et le désespoir auxquels ces jeunes sont exposés ont fini d’être considérés comme des choses normales.. Fatalisme ! On parle de leur situation pour se faire bonne conscience ou pour amasser beaucoup d’argent à travers des séminaires dont les conclusions sont destinées à être rangées dans les tiroirs. Des palabres qui ne vont pas changer l’ordre apparent des choses. Au contraire, ces nombreux discours souvent insipides, qui se signalent par leur manque d’imagination créatrice, réussissent la prouesse de passer à côté du vrai malaise des nouvelles générations.

Trains d’atterrissage et embarcations de fortune

Le drame de la jeunesse dans nos pays, est illustré par les corps de deux jeunes guinéens trouvés, il y a quelques années, dans les trains d’atterrissage d’une compagnie Belge qui reliait Conakry à Bruxelles ; par ces embarcations de fortune, véritables tombeaux flottants pour une jeunesse fuyant la terre de leurs ancêtres à la recherche d’horizons plus cléments.

Le geste de ces jeunes – qui est loin d’être un suicide, mais traduit plutôt le bonheur du désespoir – est une interpellation lancée à ces adultes qui ont le « mérite » d’avoir construit une société inégalitaire où les fractures sociales creusent les écarts entre les citoyens.

Dans le creux des discours

Nul besoin donc de dire que cette génération vit dans l’impasse, sans avenir, sans perspectives et sans protection sociale. Chômage, dégradation du pouvoir d’achat, déperdition scolaire et analphabétisme chronique, éclatement de la cellule familiale, mal vie, corruption, bureaucratie, l’injustice sociale... Tous ces fléaux qui frappent cette génération sont en partie dus à l’absence de politique de prise en charge par les gouvernants. Les jeunes, eux, ne croient plus aux discours populistes électoralistes, ceux qui prônent l’égalité de chances. Désormais dans le creux de ces discours, s’installe un sentiment d’injustice.

Cette jeunesse pose des questions existentielles lorsque le film du mal-vivre déroule ses gros plans et ses plans serrés sur cet avenir obstrué par l’accroissement du chômage, la précarité, l’exclusion, l’injustice, le drame des enfants soldats…

Le venin prédateur

Oui, la responsabilité des aînés et celle des pères de l’indépendance coule de source. Eblouis par tant de richesses du sous-sol africain, amadoués par des impérialistes au venin prédateur, ils se sont mis à conjuguer l’avenir au présent. Ils dépensent sans compter, gaspillent des ressources qui appartiennent à la nation toute entière, affiche une mine de débonnaire…sans même faire l’effort de s’étonner, de s’inquiéter outre mesure. Le secret du sacrifice de cette jeunesse se trouve dans cet égoïsme primaire qui a caractérisé le comportement des élites dirigeantes.

Nos élites dirigeantes n’ont pas su créer des lieux d’action et des espaces vitaux indispensables à la créativité, et qui devaient à coup sûr servir de modèle et de levier pour les changements tant attendus dans nos sociétés.

Si l’Afrique veut affronter le drame des jeunes avec quelques chances de proposer des solutions vraies, il faudra veiller à la construction de nouveaux lieux d’espoir dans tous les domaines décisifs pour notre espoir.

L’indispensable deuil

Le mal est fait. Le moment est donc venu pour cette jeunesse de faire le deuil de cette élite insouciante. Elle doit désormais s’inscrire dans une logique d’inverser la table des valeurs. Tel l’enfant au marteau, assis sur un tas de ruines, projette un regard sur un avenir qui devient entre ses mains une œuvre d’art. C’est parce qu’il a le goût du danger dans la gorge, que « l’enfant est jouet, vent dans la voile, éclat de rire, vol d’oiseau, en somme, mouvement… » (lire par ailleurs : l’enfant et l’albatros, 5 mai 2008 sudonline). L’histoire devient à partir de ce moment invention et non éternel recommencement, parce que la jeunesse porte la flamme de l’espérance.

Par conséquent, cette génération a beaucoup de choses à prouver. Il ne suffit pas de croire qu’elle peut transformer le monde, elle doit afficher cette volonté, en s’imaginant que le monde qu’elle affronte est celui des possibles. Sinon, tout immobilisme sera synonyme de fatalité qui risque de stopper net le « mouvement qui invente ».

Frantz Fanon ne nous donne aucun choix lorsqu’il affirme avec pertinence que chaque génération à une « mission à remplir ou à trahir ». C’est parce qu’au tribunal de l’histoire, on jugera sur pièce, que chaque génération se fera le devoir de « bâtir ses pyramides », comme le disait fort bien le professeur Joseph Ki Zerbo.

Le défi de prendre le flambeau ne saurait être relevé si cette jeunesse perd de vue qu’elle a le devoir d’occuper le premier rang de la responsabilité citoyenne. Cela suppose un sens élevé du sacrifice mettant toujours en avant les intérêts des populations.

Mais cette responsabilité citoyenne a aussi ses exigences. D’abord la hauteur de vue ou d’esprit. Le regard prospectif s’affranchit toujours de l’appât du présent. Tel l’intellectuel organique d’Antonio Gramsci debout dans sa tour de contrôle, cette génération a le devoir de jouer le rôle d’avant-garde de la société : lutter pour la justice sociale, la transparence dans la gestion des deniers publics, servir de bouclier contre tout corps étranger qui veut saper l’unité nationale…

L’oasis et le désert

Elle n’a pas le droit de regarder par la fenêtre au moment où la rue s’enflamme ou s’embrase du fait de la folie des hommes qui ne pensent qu’à eux-mêmes et non au groupe. S’installer confortablement dans l’oasis de l’insouciance au moment où le désert de l’impunité, de la corruption, de la mal gouvernance, du crime organisé, du pillage systématique des deniers publics, de l’agression des valeurs… avance inexorablement, c’est capituler !

L’engagement politique (implication dans les affaires de la cité) doit être une affaire de tous, qu’importe le parti, le syndicat, l’idéologie, l’organisation de la société civile, l’association auquel ou à laquelle l’individu appartient.

Notre génération doit militer pour la démocratie et les droits de l’homme au sein de ces partis, organisations de la société civile etc, pour proposer, voire imposer, par la force de nos idées, des réformes qui prennent en charge les préoccupations des générations présentes et futures. C’est la seule manière, à nos yeux, de créer les conditions d’une relève crédible.

Il faut oser ramer à contre-courant, déchirer le voile de l’unanimisme que qui entoure le leader et ses inconditionnels, être l’enfant « indélicat » qui pose un regard impénitent sur les défauts de ces aînés qui ont sacrifié les générations montantes.

Notre génération ne doit pas perdre de vue que la place qu’elle veut ne se donne pas, mais s’arrache quitte à avoir tout le monde contre soi.

L’enfant vient de pousser un éclat de rire. C’est donc le moment ou jamais d’inventer un nouveau monde. /…

Wikio

Thursday, February 11, 2010

A Candid Interview with Dr. Ben S. Carson, MD: An American Icon


Dr Ben Carson

Written by Patricia Turnier   
Monday, 16 November 2009


Dr. Benjamin Solomon Carson Sr., M.D was born in Michigan in 1951 to a young mother in inner-city Detroit. He and his older brother, Curtis, grew up amid poverty, crime, and violence. His parents divorced when Dr. Carson was very young. He and his brother were raised by their mother. After his parents' divorce, Carson lost confidence in himself and believed his classmates, who would insult him by calling him names. He internalized those insults and began developing a violent temper.
His mother challenged him and his brother to strive for excellence. Thanks to his mother's powerful faith in him, he regained confidence and educated himself by reading two books per week. He had to provide regular reports of his readings to his mother. She had a third-grade education, but a PhD in Life. She constantly motivated Carson by telling him, "Bennie, if you know how to read, you can know and learn practically anything you want. The doors of the world are open to anybody who can read. And my boys are going to be successful in life because they’re going to be the best readers in the school." His mother regularly checked his work and his brother’s. She challenged them to excel by reading and turning off the television. Carson’s grades at school gradually improved.
Dr. Carson shared the thoughts he had at the tender age of eight: "I loved listening to stories in church, and it seemed that missionaries were the noblest people in the world. They made these great sacrifices. Wow, could there be anything greater than that?". Dr. Carson’s incredible achievements are remarkable, and in spite of a difficult start in life, he succeeded against all odds.
Carson TwinsCarson’s discipline, perseverance, hard work and deep religious faith paid off. He rose from being the last student in his class to the top. He never came down again. Dr. Carson completed a degree in psychology at Yale University and graduated from the University of Michigan School of Medicine. He later completed his internship in general surgery and his residency in neurological surgery at The Johns Hopkins Hospital.
In 1982, Carson was named chief resident and fellow in neurological surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He later served as a senior registrar in neurosurgery at the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Center in Western Australia. By 1984, after spending a year in this country, he returned to Hopkins to become the nation's youngest chief of pediatric neurosurgery at the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, as well as co-director of neurosurgical oncology and assistant professor of oncology and neurological surgery, at age 33.
In 1987, Dr. Carson gained international recognition for having led an important medical team, which successfully separated German twins conjoined at the back of the head during a 22-hour surgery. This was an historical breakthrough. In 1997, Dr. Ben Carson and his team went to South Africa to separate conjoined twins Luka and Joseph Banda, infant boys from Zambia. Both boys survived, and neither one suffered severe brain damage. The Bandas were the first set of Type II craniopagus twins (joined at the tops of their heads) to be successfully surgically separated. The operation lasted 28 hours.
Dr. Carson has also advanced brain surgery to help control seizures in infants and has demonstrated vast success with adults suffering from trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The condition causes such severe facial pain that it is called the “suicide disease”, since many adults choose to end their lives rather than live with this level of anguish.

In 2004, Dr. Carson was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve on the President’s Council on Bioethics. Dr. Carson is currently the longstanding Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital Children’s Center. He is known to give maximum attention to every case.
He still conducts over 300 surgeries per year. He has expertise in traumatic brain injuries, brain and spinal cord tumors, achondroplasia, neurological and congenital disorders, craniosynostosis, epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia.
Dr. Carson’s contributions brought notoriety to the Johns Hopkins Hospital Children’s Center in the field of pediatric neurosurgery. He has published colossal works in the medical field and has authored over 100 neurosurgical publications, along with four best-selling books. These books have been translated into several languages.

Dr. Carson is a member of the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society, the Horatio Alger Society of Distinguished Americans and many other prestigious organizations. Dr. Carson has been awarded more than 50 honorary doctorate degrees and dozens of national merit citations. In February 2008, he received the Ford’s Theatre Lincoln Medal and in June 2008, the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush.
He became the first African-American physician in U.S. history to receive the Medal of Freedom from a president*. 25 physicians obtained this Medal in the U.S. history. It is the highest civilian honor in the country. This award was created by former President Harry Truman in 1945. President John F. Kennedy in 1963 expanded the categories of this honor. Established by Executive Order 11085 in 1963, this medal is awarded by the President to any person who has made an especially meritorious contribution to (1) the security or national interests of the United States, or (2) world peace, or (3) cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.
Both CNN and Time magazine named Dr. Carson among the 20 foremost physicians and scientists. He is a Library of Congress “Living Legend”. In 2006, he was the recipient of Spingarn Medal, the highest honor bestowed by the NAACP.

Dr. Carson has many interests beyond the medical field. He wears many hats: he is an author, motivational speaker (for school systems, civic groups, corporations, the President’s National Prayer Breakfast), a philanthropist, a healer, and a leader, among other roles. In 2003, he even made a cameo appearance in the movie “Stuck on you”, a film about conjoined twins played by Matt Damon and Greg Kinnear. Giving a chance to young people for education is also a very important issue to Dr. Carson. In 1994, he and his wife founded The Carson Scholars Fund for children in grades 4 through 12 with high GPAs (3.75 and above).
The deserving children must also have demonstrated strong community involvement. Dr. Carson is interested in maximizing the intellectual potential of every child by providing them with opportunities. As part of the Carson Scholars Fund, they place special very enticing reading rooms in schools and other places to encourage and reward students for reading. He and his wife have donated millions of dollars out of their own pockets and created charities to help young scholars.
Dr. Carson co-founded Angels of the OR, to help the uninsured and underinsured to have access to neurosurgery. The physician’s charitable organization, Benevolent Endowment Network Fund (the BEN Fund), had also been providing financial support for children in need of neurosurgery. Dr. Carson is known to speak to everyone politely, kindly, respectfully and with dignity, regardless of their ethnicity, class or religion.
His unaffected and unpretentious manner endears him to many. He does not take all the credit for himself, stating instead that he is guided by a higher power: “God gave me the talent to do my work”. So many people are moved by this physician’s story and accomplishments that a play about his life is performed annually in front of thousands of students in Maryland. The 7th of February 2009, a TV movie on TNT was also aired about Dr. Carson’s life entitled: “Gifted hands: The Ben Carson story”.
His character is portrayed by the Oscar winning actor, Cuba Gooding Jr., who also produced the movie. Kimberly Elise played the role of the physician’s mother. Dr. Carson is a humanist and a living legend. He is considered one of the world’s most significant mentors and he is the crème de la crème. We spoke to him the 3rd of August 2009. He graciously shared his experience and expertise with us in this long interview. By the freelance reporter and legist Patricia Turnier (Master’s degree in law, LL.M) ( pturnier@hotmail.com).
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* Other notable African American and African figures received this honor such as Sidney Poitier, Marian Anderson, Duke Ellington, Aretha Franklin, John H. Johnson, Bill Cosby, Dorothy Height, Rev. Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, Muhammad Ali, Ralph Ellison, Rosa Parks, Nelson Mandela, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Jesse Owens, etc.


Patricia Turnier, LL.M talks to Dr. Ben S. Carson, M.D:
P.T. You dedicated your best-selling book Gifted Hands to your mother. She had and still has a tremendous positive influence in your life. Can you share with us what she means to you?

Dr. B.C. She is a woman who only had a third grade education. She came from a family of 24 children and she got married at 13. She moved from Tennessee to Detroit. She found out that her husband was a bigamist after a number of years. She had the responsibility of raising two young sons. She had to find a way to stand up on her own. I want to add that she is a very attractive woman and she could have remarried. She relinquished all of that and dedicated her life to her children. If you did the math, we were poor, but we never felt indigent or deprived.
Our mother made life rich and extremely full. She wanted to make sure that we would have a good start in life. She basically sacrificed her life for us. My mother is the one who made it all possible for my brother, who is a successful engineer, and for me. We looked toward her for guidance since our childhood. We learned from her that there was opportunity in life and that we could do anything we wanted. Our mother is a very smart, strong, sincere, compassionate lady. She is the anchor of our lives. We feel very blessed and we are grateful. We credit her as being the one who made sure our family would stay strong. We give all our respect and tribute to her.

P.T. At one time, Dr. Carson, you thought about psychiatry as a speciality. You even studied psychology at Yale. Your interest shifted. What made you decide to choose neurosurgery and to work specifically with children?

Dr. B.C. Well, at one point during my first year of medical school I asked myself what my specifics and talents might be. I believe God gives everybody specific talents. When I looked back over my life, I recognised that I had a lot of eye-hand coordination. I have the ability to think in three dimensions. I was a very careful person, always thought things through and never made impulsive decisions. I realised that I loved dissecting things and I enjoyed working with children. I asked myself if there was a way to combine all these skills. It turned out to be surgery. I encourage young people all over the country to sit down and analyse their skill set and choose a career which takes advantage of this.

P.T. You became internationally known thanks to the breakthrough operation in 1987 with conjoined twins. What do this great accomplishment and the ensuing recognition mean to you?

Dr. B.C. It was great to first receive 15 minutes of fame in 1985 for doing hemispherectomies and another 15 minutes of fame for doing an intra-uterine shunt in 1986. Afterwards, I received an additional 15 minutes of fame in 1987 for the German twins. For the latter, I knew it was going to be actually more than 15 minutes of celebrity. The media is not stupid, and they realised I was the same guy who conducted the two previous operations. They looked into my background. I knew that things would change at that point. Over the years, I made a conscious decision to do something useful with the notoriety. I want to use that platform to really try to help young people realise their potential. I want them to know what they can accomplish as individuals. Young people have to realise that they don’t have to be a victim of their environment or the people around them. As long as you have a brain, you have the ability to think and to chose; anything is possible. It is also imperative for me to talk to them about the importance of education.

P.T. In the media, you spoke about your middle name, Solomon. Can you share with us the beautiful story of King Solomon and how it is linked to your own personal story?

Dr. B.C. I always said it proves that God has a good sense of humor because he inspired my parents to give me the middle name Solomon. He must have known that I would have a great affinity for the book of Proverbs, which I read each day morning and night ever since I tried to stab someone when I was 14. When Solomon first became the King of Israel, the event that brought him great acclaim was his decision when two women came to him claming they were the mother of the same baby. He advocated dividing the baby. It was a test to find out who the real mother was. She was the one who wanted the baby to be safe. Solomon is known as being the wisest king of all time. What is funny about the story is the fact that I became well known for dividing the babies in 1987. By giving me the same name as King Solomon, it makes me think that God has a great sense of humor. He knew what was going to happen.

P.T. I know that you are very spiritual and that God is the source of inspiration in your career as a physician. In your best selling book “Think Big”, the readers learn that you pray for your patients. It is rare to hear a physician speak openly about his faith. You spoke to the media about your B.I.G. philosophy. The last letter, G, is for God. You said, “I feel very strongly that, in American society, we should not be ashamed of God. We shouldn't shy away from it. We have to consider the fact that it's on our money. Every coin and every bill says, "In God We Trust." It's in our pledge; it's in the preamble to our Constitution. It talks about our Creator. It's in our courtrooms. On the walls we can read, "In God We Trust." When we created this nation, we believed in God.” Can you share with us, Dr. Carson, how your faith helped you throughout your career and your life?


Dr. B.C. It was when I was 14 years old and after I tried to stab another youngster. That was when I really came to an understanding of who God was. Before that event, God was a nebulous figure to me. It was before just somebody that people preached about and that everybody kind of knew but he was not someone with whom I had a personal relationship. During the three hours I spent in the bathroom after that attempted stabbing, I came to understand that God is real. I realised that he can really change your life. He changed my life that day. I began to depend on him from that point on as my heavenly Father but also my earthly father. Whenever I had a problem, I just went to him. I have to say that he answered every major request I made. This is particularly important in my career. I had to face many controversial cases. I asked him to give me wisdom to know what to do.

P.T. In 1994, you and your wife created the Carson Scholars Fund. The Ben Carson reading project is a program of this fund. Can you talk to us about the Ben Carson reading club?


Dr. B.C. Basically, we discovered that there are many elementary schools in this country which do not have a library. We recognised that 70 to 80% of high school dropouts are functionally illiterate. We wanted to figure out a way to deal with that problem. We started to put reading rooms in schools. Those reading rooms are beautiful places. They are decorated like Disney World. They are the kind of place that no kid could ignore.

P.T. I think it is a great idea that those rooms are decorated like that. I definitely also believe that the books used in elementary schools need to have designs to make them attractive to children. I think they can learn better that way.


Dr. B.C. Yes, definitely. The kids in the reading rooms get points for the amount of time they’re spending there and for the number of books they read. They can collect those points to collect a prize at the end. In the beginning, they do it for the prizes but it doesn’t take long for it to translate into other aspects of their lives, for instance in their school work.

P.T. Is it in your plans to expand the Carson Scholars Fund outside of the US and to implement it in other countries, such as Haiti for instance?

Dr. B.C. Absolutely. Right now, the Fund is currently operating in 34 states. Our first goal is to implement it in every state. After, we would definitely like to implement it other countries such as Haiti.

P.T. In June 2008, you received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award, from President George W. Bush. You became the first African-American physician in US history to receive this recognition. What does this honor mean to you?


Dr. B.C. I think this honor I received, along with the previous ones from other institutions, are good for other people. This recognition is significant to me for young people from all backgrounds. It allows them to see that it really doesn’t matter where you come from. You can come from the most desperate situation and you can make it if you have the discipline and the motivation. If you apply your mind to working hard and using your God-given talents, you can make a difference in society. This is what it really meant to me when I received this civilian award.

P.T. In your best selling book, “Take the Risk”, we learn that 80 percent of American sixth graders cannot locate the United States on a world map. What do you think needs to be done to improve the quality of education in this country?


Dr. B.C. I think the key thing is for us to put our money where our mouth is. We love to talk about the inadequacy of education particularly when there is an election coming up. But where do we really put our money? In sports stadiums and entertainment. Those are the things that we really emphasize. We are willing to spend a great deal of money in those fields. A city will make all kinds of bond issues to raise money to build a half a billion dollar stadium complex. But the schools are falling down, some roofs have no covers and nobody cares. What message do we send when for instance athletes and people in entertainment are paid much more than teachers or other individuals with diplomas? Does that encourage the youth to pursue higher education? Students are able to pick up on these contradictions exposed by society. Also, we need to find better ways to educate the youth and equip them with tools instead of exposing them to models of materialism and consumption.

Now, in our technological age, the information has become very sophisticated. The latest technology should be presented as information to the students. This is how you can get the attention of the youth. There are people who think they will get all that when they will be in college. It will be too late. They will already reach a point when they’ll think that science and math are domains for smart people only.

Kids need to be educated about their own roots as well. A cosmopolitan education is important because it allows children to broaden their minds. Parents and teachers should also expose young people to books written by authors their own age such as Anne Frank and Sophie Scholl. Teenagers can definitely relate to those stories. Hollywood should produce more movies like Akeelah and the Bee because it would be a great way to promote the benefits of education. Everybody in our society should participate because it is our collective responsibility to make sure that young people realise the importance of being educated.
We have to figure out a way to make sure those kids are in touch and in contact with people who will stimulate their interests early on. Everybody needs to be involved and challenge the children. The parents must participate in meetings with the teachers. The US government could give distinguished rewards to schools that have shown the greatest performance among their students. This is how young people will educate themselves better and will be encouraged.

P.T. I could add in terms of education, that teachers don’t receive the respect they deserve anymore. For instance, in Japan kids stand up after the class and say thank you to their professors. Sharing your knowledge is one of the most beautiful gifts that someone can give.

P.T. To have access to excellent education can be very expensive in the US. For example, the presidential couple, Mr. and Mrs. Obama, was finally able to finish paying off their education barely five years ago, thanks to the best selling books of Barack Obama. Let’s be real, it is not everyone who can write a best selling book. I can add that costs range on average 25 000$ per year for public Universities and 40 000$ per year for private Universities. I know that education is a very important issue for you, Dr. Carson. What do you think needs to be done in this country to make sure that every American child can have access to excellent education from preschool to college? 


Dr. B.C. Again, one of the issues is not that we don’t spend enough money on education. We spend more per capita on education any other nation in the world. And yet, when we conduct national surveys we generally rank at the bottom, particularly in science and math. It is not a matter of not putting enough money into it. It is a matter of having an incredibly inefficient system, a bureaucratic system where people are much more interested in their positions and titles than in educating children. It is a system which is much too politically correct.
Now, why do I say that? If you look at the public education system of this country over one hundred years ago, it was much better. In fact, as you probably know since you are familiar with the French culture, the French philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville came to the United States to study our education system because we turned out such incredible products.
We should go back and study Tocqueville’s essays on American education. He was incredibly impressed because every second grader could read. The standard was incredibly high. 150 years ago, the sixth graders had to be able to name all the states with their capitals, all the presidents and vice-presidents. You had to know the government structure. You had to be able to calculate the distance covered by a train from NY to San Francisco. You had to be able to calculate acres and volumes in your head without a pencil or without a calculator like we do now (laughs). It was pretty amazing. Those were the standards of that era.
What was also interesting at that time is the fact that the school system taught and instilled values from the Bible into the students. Actually, I don’t remember if it was Thomas Jefferson or George Washington but one of them said it wasn’t possible to really educate a man without giving him a sense of values. In the early 50’s, our schools began to be politically correct. Firstly, they said we won’t mention any gods and we won’t conduct any prayers.
As we went further away from any type of value system, we stopped educating the children in the basic abilities of mathematics or reading, writing, expressing themselves, etc. We started to introduce all kinds of social things and it became a feel good club. The drop-out rate is high. We are not among the highest percentage of college graduates in the world. The expectations in terms of education definitely need to be superior because we have lost the value of knowledge.
Now, we sit around and give social promotions to people. Children can pass their classes very easily especially in poor areas. Some kids are pushed on from grade to grade without a clue how to read and write. In some places, teaching is just baby-sitting. When somebody comes along and tries to bring some measuring system, everybody screams. I think it is pretty sad to be honest with you.

P.T. Regarding education, I believe the change in the middle of the 20th century has a lot to do with TV. The media slowly homogenized the society and profoundly changed the world. Nevertheless, in the 19th century, it was possible to find in Europe for instance barons who spoke 27 languages, a skill which does not really exist anymore since there are so many distractions and less people are self-taught. We became so dependent on all kinds of technology that we don’t exploit and challenge the potential of our own brains. We can’t focus when there are too many distractions. 

Dr. B.C. There is no question about the impact of television on our society. There is a distraction associated with watching television. It has been compounded with video games. It is problematic. I think it is one of the reasons why every fourth and fifth child is on medication because of ADD (attention deficit disorder).

P.T. The health field in the US represents 1/7 of the economy in this country. 21% of health costs go to paperwork (at least 294.3 billion $ per year). It has been like that for years and we are not even talking about treating people. In 1996, you wrote an article about health care reform in the Harvard Journal of Minority Public Health. As a physician, what do you think needs to be corrected to make the health care system more efficient in the US?

Dr. B.C. The first thing that we have to recognise is that in the US we spend twice as much per capita for health care as the next closest nation. Again, like in the education system, it is not a question of not putting enough money into it. Obviously, there is an inefficiency issue which is going on here. What do you need for good health? You need a patient and a health care provider. Along came a middle man to facilitate the relationship. Now, the middle has become the principal entity with the patient and the health care provider at its beck and call. The entire thing is completely out of control.
The entire concept of for profits for the insurance companies makes absolutely no sense. “I deny that you need care and I will make more money”. This is totally ridiculous. The first thing we need to do is get rid of for profit insurance companies. We have a lack of policies and we need to make the government responsible for catastrophic health care. We have to make the insurance companies responsible only for routine health care.
The fact that a fraction of the American population has no health care insurance creates a situation in which some end up in emergency rooms, which results in even greater expenses for the US. If insurance companies are responsible only for routine health care, you are able to predict how much money they are going to need, which facilitates regulations. For instance, if we didn’t regulate utilities nobody could afford electricity or water. You can’t depend on the goodness of people’s hearts, particularly when you’re dealing with something which is essential. The other point is billings and collections, which constitute a huge portion of the cost. This could easily be done electronically.

P.T. Same thing with medical files.

Dr. C. Exactly. In terms of billings, every single diagnosis has something known as an ICD-9 code. Every single procedure has something known as a CPT code. We have computers. This means all billings and collections can instantly be done electronically. There are insurance companies which will say it can’t be done because some dishonest practitioner will pretend that they conducted two appendectomies when they only conducted one, but they want to be paid twice.
First of all, there are very few people who would do that and you don’t create a giant bureaucracy just to catch few bad eggs (Laughs). It doesn’t make any sense. In some countries in the Middle East, the penalties for theft can be extremely severe (for example, cutting off a part of the body). I wouldn’t propose a penalty to that extent but it is possible to create a penalty which would be so severe that people wouldn’t even think of taking the risk. For instance, they could lose their license for life or put in jail for ten years and lose their personal assets. No one would even think about trying to defraud the government or the insurers. They would closely check every bill before submitting it.
If we look at Sweden for instance, why there is no drunk-driving in that country? It is because the penalty for this kind of infringement is so severe that no one would even consider breaking the law. It is part of the culture. This would save a lot of money. I strongly believe that one of the solutions is through law enforcement. The government also needs to deal with tort reform regarding medical malpractice. One of the reasons that doctors prolong life unnecessarily is because they are afraid of being sued if they act otherwise. We have to deal with this problem if we seriously want to bring the cost of health care under control. Physicians are ordering all sorts of tests to prevent a lawsuit. This is craziness.
The United States is the only developed country with this problem. The other industrial countries came up with a solution. Why haven’t we come up with one yet? There are powerful lobbies which don’t want to have solutions. There is a lot of money involved, especially with many questionable and frivolous lawsuits. In the past, the few times that someone tried to challenge those powerful lobbies in Washington D.C., there were always senators who fought to make sure there wouldn’t be any votes which would pass regarding this issue.

P.T. About 50 million people in the US are uninsured for health care. What solutions do you see to make health care accessible to every American citizen? Do you think that your Benevolent Endowment Network Fund could be a model to make health care accessible nationwide? What kind of universal health care plan should the government create?


Dr. B.C. The concept of endowment for health care is not called the Benevolent Endowment Network Fund anymore. Now, it is called Angels of the OR. The idea was to create an endowment large enough that could take the interest from it and pay for people who are not insured. We are talking about 1/7 of the economy which is huge and it concerns people. If you have enough discipline to put aside ten percent a year for about 15 years, you would have an effective answer of the high cost of health care. With the interest gained on that ten percent over 15 years, it would help an enormous amount of people financially. I believe that if this discipline would continue for a total of 25 years, everybody would be covered.
First of all, going back to that 50 million people who are uninsured, we have to be careful with that number since it doesn’t take into account people who are in between jobs or temporarily out work. The situation is unacceptable and some measures have to be put in place. However, we have to keep in mind that those people can go to the emergency room and they will be taken care of. The problem is that it costs five times more than it costs in a clinic. We need to be wise about this issue. We are paying for those people regardless, and five times more. So the government needs to find a way to make those people go to the clinics.
The manner to do that is to create a program where they would get a monthly allocation for health care like our food stamps program. People will learn how to use those allocations effectively. They know how to do it with the food stamps. Instead of spending their monthly allocation at the emergency, they will use it more effectively by going to the clinic. Someone who is diabetic for instance will have his condition under control if he goes to the clinic. He won’t end up at the emergency. That way we will save a lot of money by looking at preventive health care. The uniformity of the electronic billing system will also help the situation. I could add that the government will have to be responsible for the inefficient health care system and take required measures. I think it is a waste to throw another trillion dollars into an inefficient health care system.

P.T. I think also that the concept of social business from Muhammad Yunnus, the Nobel Peace prize recipient should be explored in terms of health care. He wrote in his book Creating a World Without Poverty that social business can be applied to any country in many domains such as health care.

P.T. This year, the movie “Gifted hands: The Ben Carson Story” was produced. How did that make you feel and what did you think of the performance of Cuba Gooding Jr. who portrayed your character?


Dr. B.C. I was extremely pleased with all this. They did an absolutely terrific job. I had a chance to go on set. People felt that they were on a mission. The most important thing for me is that I hope my story will inspire young people to do whatever they dream for their own lives and I want them to know that there are no limitations with perseverance. I spoke to a reporter who saw the movie before she interviewed me. She watched it with her young son.
After he saw the film, she told me that he could not wait to go back to school (laughs). He felt energized and wanted to conquer the world. So, my main goal is to inspire and enlighten people. I particularly want kids to realise that getting an education is the key to accomplishing anything. For this reason, I insisted that the movie would not be done in a way that is purely entertainment. I had previously spoken to at least 12 different movie producers who wanted to do the movie.
Their desire was to spice up my story. I was totally against it. I would rather not have a movie made in those conditions. It was imperative to me that the film is based on the actual facts. When the producer was chosen, I received calls three to four times a day (laughs) to make sure that things were done accurately and truthfully. I think that Cuba Gooding did an exceptionally good job. He was awesome. It was an excellence choice. Gooding took on roles of many genres. He is a very versatile actor. He is also more of a high-energy and strong guy; he had to learn to be calm to portray my character (laughs).

P.T. Do you have a message for young people on how to succeed in general, and any advice to give to those who are interested by the medical profession? 


Dr. C. It is important to assess how you learn. For instance, are you a visualizer or an auditory person? Everybody learns differently. You have to spend a little time getting to know yourself. It is important to assess your strengths and weaknesses. For example, I don’t really learn by listening to boring lectures. When I had those in medical school, it didn’t get through to me. I did poorly at my first comprehensive exams. My advisor told me to drop out of medical school. He said I wasn’t cut out to be a doctor.

Fortunately, I prayed for wisdom. I figured out what the problem was. I stopped going to the medical lectures and I spent my time reading. I learn and I get a lot from reading. I succeeded after this shift throughout my entire time in medical school. I went back to the advisor and I told him he was not cut out to do his job (laughs). The most important thing is to acknowledge how you learn. It makes all the difference in the world in terms of what you are going to be able to achieve. If you are just adapting yourself to somebody else’s mode, you are not going to make it. It is important for young people to explore their areas of interests. This is how you gain various competencies.

The advice that I can give to young people who want to become physicians is to not be discouraged by the amount of time that it takes to become a doctor. People used to tell me when I was in high school that I was going to be an old man by the time I finished my studies (laughs). But when I finished they were all the same age I was (laughs). So, you have youth on your side and time goes by at the same rate for everybody. As long as you feel it is your calling, then go for it because there is no better career than saving lives and providing longevity to people. There is nothing more valuable than that.

I would like to add that a lot of young people want to become a star in sports, cinema or music. There is nothing wrong with that but it is only a small fraction of people who will reach that level. Even those who attained success in these fields are often already considered old past the age of 30. It is not easy to be on top all the time in the entertainment field. In sports, you can be injured. It is possible also to lose a fortune especially if you don’t have an education.
So it is important to have a back-up plan. Nobody can take away what we learned. Education is the basis of everything and the key for longevity in any domain. It provides options for people. I want kids to believe that it is cool to be knowledgeable. This is how you earn respect. I want young people to realise the power of knowledge.
You can accomplish anything with that. For instance, the great Frederick Douglass in 1872 became the First African-American to be nominated vice-president of the United States for the Equal Rights Party headed by Victoria Woodhull. He was nominated without notification. If he was able to attain this status at the end of the 19th century, it was because he was highly respected for his erudition. Douglass mainly taught himself how to read and became one of the most prominent figures in the United States history.** Education is the key to improving the lives of everybody. Knowledge is Man’s wealth.

P.T: Dr. Carson, thank you so much for your time and for sharing your rich store of experience. It was an honor and a privilege to interview you!
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** At the 1888 Republican National Convention, Douglass became the first African-American to receive a vote for President of the United States in a major party's roll call vote (source: www.wikipedia.org)



Personal:
Marital Status: Married to Candy Carson since 1975. They met at Yale University in 1975. Dr. Carson’s wife is a triple major who took courses in music, psychology and pre-med. Candy Carson holds an M.B.A. degree and is an accomplished musician. They are devout evangelical Christians and members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Dr. Carson and his wife have three sons.

Selected Publications:


Dr. Carson’s four best-selling books
:


• (1992) Think Big, Zondervan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-310-21459-9
• (2000) The Big Picture, Zondervan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-310-23834-X
• (2008) Take The Risk, Zondervan Publishing Co. This book was endorsed by George Lucas, director, producer and screenwriter for films including the epic Star Wars saga and Indiana Jones franchise. ISBN 0-310-25973-8
• (1990) Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, Zondervan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-310-21469-6

Movie

Gifted Hands on DVD since the 8th of September 2009 (www.amazon.com or .ca)

Notable quotes from Dr. Carson:

“Everybody, no matter who they are, has problems in life. And we’ll continue to have problems in life. You get to decide whether those problems become something that weaken you or something that strengthen you.”

“Anyone who refuses to test his limits, anyone unwilling to move out of her comfort zone, is destined to live life inside the envelope.”

“I don’t believe God gave us such wonderfully complex brains to simply look at somebody else’s compass or drift aimlessly through life without purpose or direction.”

“God asks all of us to give him a tenth of our best, however much we have.”

“We need to make it clear to people what it means to live by godly principles – loving your fellow man, caring for your neighbor, and living a life of service by developing your God-given talents to the point that you become invaluable to the people around you.”

“My mother instilled in me a deep respect for the potential of the human brain, and that respect has deepened over the years to an attitude I can only describe as awe.”

Patricia Turnier
About the author:
Patricia Turnier, LL.M., is a freelance reporter and Columnist with AfroToronto.com. She can be reached at patricia@afrotoronto.com

Wikio

Exclusive interview with leading Canadian barrister Lesra Martin


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Written by Patricia Turnier   
Wednesday, 10 February 2010

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Lesra Martin
Lesra Martin was born in 1963 to Earl and Alma Martin. He was the second eldest son of eight children. The family initially enjoyed a middle class lifestyle until Earl Martin suffered an injury and could no longer work. The family was soon mired in poverty, and was even homeless at some point. Lesra Martin was raised in Bed-Stuy (Bedford Stuyvesant), New York. When he was 10-11 years-old, he took the initiative to bag groceries and sweep up in a local bar. The siblings also had to work at an early age to support the family. Lesra Martin was poor, quasi-illiterate and dismissed by society. He struggled on the violent streets of Brooklyn. In spite of this situation, his heart was filled with the hope of élan and courage. In July 1979, a chance encounter with a group of Canadian entrepreneurs changed the course of his life; they saw his potential and pulled him from the chaos of the inner city. They brought him to Canada where he was given a fresh start.
His journey and odyssey began in the fall of 1979, as he was struggling with quasi-illiteracy and self-doubt in Toronto. During his time in this city, he discovered the autobiography of the American boxer Rubin Hurricane Carter, The 16th Round: From #1 Contender to Prisoner #45472. It was the first book Martin ever bought in his life for 25 cents at a used book sale. Lesra Martin wrote to the boxer which eventually led to a genuine friendship between them. Martin and his sponsors later became heroes and the catalysts when they helped in the release of wrongfully convicted and imprisoned boxer Rubin Carter for the 1966 triple-murder of New Jersey residents, in November 1985. The reversal was big news, nationally and internationally. Rubin Carter’s story had moved the world since his imprisonment. He received the support of many celebrities such as the world champion boxer Muhammad Ali. Who can also forget Bob Dylan and Jacques Levy’s song Hurricane?
Carter’s story resulted in the 1991 best selling book Lazarus and The Hurricane which inspired the 1999 Hollywood blockbuster feature film The Hurricane starring Denzel Washington as Rubin Carter. The movie was directed by the high-profile Canadian Norman Jewison, a Governor-General Award recipient and an Academy Award-nominated filmmaker. The character and life of Lesra Martin was portrayed in this famous film by the actor Vicellous Reon Shannon. In 2000, it received a second Oscar nomination for Denzel Washington in the best actor category. He also received a Golden Globe award for The Hurricane as best actor in 2000.* In 2002, an NFB documentary on Lesra Martin’s inspiring life was produced, entitled The journey of Lesra Martin. This documentary was directed by Cheryl Foggo and produced by Selwyn Jacob. The Journey of Lesra Martin has been screened at film festivals throughout Canada and the world, among which, at the Hollywood Black Film Festival, Black Film Festival (San Francisco, U.S.), The Urban Literary Film Festival (Greensboro, U.S.), and the 24th International Durban Film Festival (Durban, South Africa).

In 1983, Martin graduated as an Ontario Scholar and completed his Honours BA in Anthropology at the University of Toronto in 1988. In 1997, he earned his law degree from one of the top law faculties in Canada, the Dalhousie Law School and served as Crown Prosecutor in Kamloops, British Columbia. He was also briefly enrolled in a doctoral program in Sociology at the University of Toronto. In this respect, having found the intestinal fortitude to change his own life, today Lesra Martin is a highly regarded civil lawyer with an expertise in personal injuries. He and his wife Cheryl Martin (parents of two girls) also a barrister are partners in their own law firm, Martin & Martin Lawyers. Lesra Martin is also a solicitor and worldwide motivational speaker. Since The Hurricane was released, Martin has received international attention, inspiring him to embark on a career as a motivational speaker. He was invited to speak before the General Assembly delegates of the United Nations, where he gave an impassioned speech about the devastating effects of illiteracy and poverty. He did the same thing in other venues such as Cambridge University, addressing world leaders. Lesra Martin also spoke to many national, community, and corporate groups, as well as companies such as IBM and General Motors, and literacy foundations, about his experiences and the devastating effects of illiteracy. Lesra Martin has made guest appearances on the Oprah Winfrey Show and Larry King Live, among others. The Press media from The New York Times and The Washington Post to Sports Illustrated and Reader’s Digest Magazine have chronicled aspects of his life. He has received the YMCA Black Achievers Partner in Excellence Award (Ohio), as well as numerous other awards and certificates of recognition.

Through his inspiring and empowering presentations, Lesra Martin demonstrates to audiences that the capacity to make a difference exists in each of us. Lesra Martin’s life is a triumph of will over adversity. His unwillingness to accept the limitations of ghetto life allowed him to overcome and succeed against the odds.
Mr. Martin strongly believes that limits exist only in the mind. The brilliant lawyer is a down-to-earth individual in spite of all his accomplishments which make people appreciate him even more. He has never forgotten who he was and where he came from. The late Coretta Scott King noted that “Young Lazarus will win your heart” in the best seller Lazarus and the Hurricane. Martin’s new book The Power of a Promise was released on the 46th anniversary of Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech, one of the most important orations of the 20th century delivered the 28th of August 1963. In this regard, we talked for one hour and a half to the author Lesra Martin the 28th of September 2009. He graciously shared his law expertise with us and spoke for the first time to the media through this present interview about his new book which was released the 28th of August 2009. By the freelance reporter and legist Patricia Turnier (The author owns a Master’s Degree in law, LL.M). She is also a columnist for Afrotoronto.com ( patricia@afrotoronto.com).
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* Denzel Washington became the third African American actor in U.S. history who received a Golden Globe as best actor after Morgan Freeman for Driving Miss Daisy in the category Musical or Comedy in 1990. The first actor was Sidney Poitier in 1964 for Lilies of the Field (source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Black_Golden_Globe_Nominees_and_Winners)


http://www.lesra.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/larryking2.jpg

WORLD PREMIERE CONVERSATION ABOUT MR. MARTIN’S FIRST BOOK, THE POWER OF A PROMISE

Patricia Turnier. In July 1979, you met the Canadian entrepreneurs. When you accompanied them for tutoring, what were your first impressions of Canada?

Lesra Martin. [Laughs] I loved the fact that it was quiet. My first impression in this country was the airport. It was so clean and calm. It was almost surreal. I wasn’t used to that. In New York there are a lot of noises, traffic, etc. When I arrived in this country, the Canadians gave me a little tour of Toronto. They took me to one of the major arteries of the city, Yonge street which is one of the busiest area in Toronto. Even in Yonge street, I was amazed about how quiet it was if I compare it to NY.

P.T. When you were in the bookstore in 1980, you bought the autobiography of Rubin Carter which had a big impact in your life. The media reported that this book inspired you to believe in yourself. Which aspects of the book made you feel empowered? 

L.M. Well, I would like to say first that earlier you asked me what was one of my first impressions of Canada. Obviously, you could think that my first inkling was to go from a black community in the ghetto to coming to Toronto in one of the most wealthiest areas. Only later, I began to recognize the cultural and race difference between me and the Torontonians. It took some adaptations from me. With time, I began to think that I was incapable of doing things. I started to believe that I was inferior because the reality of my new life began to sink in. The abundance of wealth and resources which were at my disposal made me realize how little I had back in NY. I began to compare. I said to myself that my surroundings (of the ghetto community) have achieved so little in NY. I felt at some point that I wasn’t worthy to benefit from all the stuff in Toronto because I hadn’t earned it. Before I discovered Carter’s book, one of the ways the Canadians used to combat that fear of incapacity and inferiority was to expose me to a lot of positive things that Black people have done and achieved. The first book that they read to me was Frederick Douglass’s autobiography My bondage and my freedom. Here was a fellow who could not read and write as a slave. He learned partly secretly with the help of the slave owner’s wife how to read. Douglass became one of the most accomplished and prolific writers in America history. The Canadians exposed me to other books. They wanted to be sure that I would know more about my background and where I came from. I had to read books and newspapers out loud. We watched TV news and they asked my opinion on various subjects. They encouraged me to write things from my heart. This helped me to overcome my hurdles and sparked my interest in learning. That was the first step to feel more at ease to be exposed to other books.

In this respect, the Canadians took me to library sales. This is how I discovered Hurricane Carter’s book, The Sixteenth round. The reason I responded so well to it was the fact that in my world a lot of things had to do with physical dominance and prowess as opposed to intellectual superiority of any sort. So, I responded to the physical image of a strong man which was depicted on the cover of Rubin’s book. I felt immediately an emotion of strength and power (in the physical sense) by seeing the book. I technically judged the book at first by its cover because it responded to a need for me to feel stronger and more capable. I could definitely relate to Rubin by seeing his picture. Carter helped to free me from the prison of illiteracy.

P.T. You and the Canadians never doubted that Rubin Carter would go free. For more than five years, you dedicated your time with the Canadians to defend the Hurricane. It has been said that the Hurricane’s file was probably the most litigated criminal case in U.S. history. You felt compelled to take up the cause. What made you decide to engage yourself seriously to freeing the Hurricane? Where did your confidence and the Canadians come from to believe he would be released?

L.M. [Laughs] Sometimes, in life you do things because you don’t know it is impossible to achieve them. I was 15 at the time and at that age we tend to be very idealistic. When I met the group of the Canadians, I had to face the hurdle of illiteracy with the emotional and psychological depth of that problem. When I went to the home of the Torontonians, we found ourselves in the frame of mind that it was possible to fight my illiteracy because we wanted to do it and we needed to do it. Failure was not an option. That frame of mind gave us the belief that when you set yourself to do something then you can achieve the ultimate goal. So, we were psychologically and emotionally strong at that time when we discovered the Hurricane’s book. The belief that it was possible to do anything revealed itself in Rubin’s case. We never allowed ourselves not even for a moment to think it would not be possible to release Rubin Carter. I have to add that I also compare my situation to the boxer’s. It seemed incredible that an inner city kid would end up to have a chaperone group of Torontonians showing him a new world. They made me believe that I could have a different life. They could have given up on me and say to me: “we were just fooling around, we just wanted to show you what you don’t have, flaunt our wealth in your face and we are going to leave”. It would have been cruel. The same thing goes for Rubin. We could not just make him hope again and just leave. There was no room for believing anything else than hope and victory in the outcome of his case. This is true for many things in life. A positive perception makes all the difference to achieve goals.


P.T. I think Obama is one of the best examples. When he was seriously considering to become a candidate for presidency, we learned in the media that people of different origins told him that it wasn’t the time and that he should become a candidate in 2012 as a vice-president. I could add that a lot of people create their own psychological barriers in their minds.

L.M. You are making an excellent point here which is totally relevant. Obama is a wonderful example of the attitude that someone needs to have to reach his goal from point A to point B by the strength of hope and belief. Often people respond to someone’s commitment and passion. Before long, you can find a team of people working with you because they admire the driven spirit behind it. What I can also say about your excellent example is that there were people (regardless of the race) who thought that the election of a black president or a woman president would happen in 50 years. There were always another 50 years. Even when you are dealing with something that strong, it shows that when you commit yourself to that belief, that passion, that acceptance, there will not be another outcome because you strongly have faith in it. You will reach your goal despite the obstacles. So, regarding again Rubin Carter, I and the Canadians strongly believed that he would get out of prison. We were adamant about it and we were emotionally strong to do it.

P.T. How important does the faith a lawyer has in his client play a role in the outcome of a case? 

L.M. When it comes to my work as a lawyer, I pick and chose my clients according to the strength of my belief in that person. I work now almost exclusively on personal injury cases. I look at how devastating the impact has on the client. I analyse the consequence that the accident or the incident has been on the quality of the person’s life and his emotional and psychological well-being. That is critical to be empathetic. It must be horrible to wake up and see that your entire life changed dramatically after an accident. I compare it to Rubin’s case. He was at the height of his career when he was arrested in the early 60s for murder. His entire effort that he has put forth to be on top as a boxer just vanished. It is so unfair to have that happen in someone’s life. I look at how devastating it can be for my client to have their lives destroyed. So, I just go at it.

I strongly believe that the faith you have in your client is definitely critical in the profession of law. It is for me. I can only speak for myself. When you really feel that your client should be defended fairly as a jurist you are going to put the amount of work and time required on the case. However, when I practiced criminal law as a Crown Prosecutor I took the cases so personally. I took the problems home and compared everything to Rubin’s case. I could not separate things. It was one of my difficulties. In civil law, it is different and it suits me best. In this domain, we can get something back easier by protecting the interests of the person. Emotionally, it is easier for me to be successful in this arena.


P.T. It is written in the best selling book, Lazarus and the Hurricane, that there are more Black men and Native peoples in America’s prisons than in its universities. As a jurist, what do you think needs to be corrected? Do you think it is required to have more diversity in the juries and in the judicial system as a whole?

L.M. The problem of having an overwhelming number of Black and Native Americans in prison, to me, is not only a problem in the judicial system but it is a systemic problem which needs to be addressed on a wider level. In a proper context, crime never occurs in a social vacuum. There are ingredients that necessitate crime. Those ingredients have a common denominator: a lack of access to opportunities, a deficient access to education and employment. As long as there is not a recognition of the existence of a systemic problem, we are not going anywhere. We need to address some of those problems. Look at my life, I was on the verge of disaster before I met the group of Torontonians because I was beginning to need things. I wanted things that I could not afford. In a dangerous ghetto community, life is about survival. I bagged groceries to get some money to help my family financially. We were on welfare and welfare money is never sufficient.

P.T. You don’t have a childhood when you have that kind of responsibility. 

L.M. Exactly! And as a kid you are not safe in the ghetto. You can be a target to all kinds of danger. I had to find a way to get away from gang members. One of my ways was to use my skateboard and fly with it like superman [laughs]. Seriously, in that kind of environment you become very vulnerable and you can start to do anything to survive. So, imagine what could have happened if I started down that road of crime. My life would have been totally different. We really have to begin to focus on how to provide the basic needs in a community so we can eliminate the compulsion for people to start getting involved in criminal activities. Again, as I said crime doesn’t occur in a vacuum. We have to address the lack of opportunities, the lack of employment and the lack of quality education. By the age of 25, a great number of African Americans end up in prison or have problems with the law.
This is unnecessary, unacceptable and would not happen if there were opportunities for them. Regarding more specifically the judicial system, it can become more representative of the community, among the public officers and so on. We need more diversity in the judicial system to ensure that people of all backgrounds can identify with the workers who will make the decisions in their cases. Cultural competency is imperative to understand the complexity and the origins of the social problems which lead to the crimes. We tend to think that the solution is to lock people away and we don’t think about prevention. Punishment is not a deterrent to crime because often it is about crime related to material necessity. I am not justifying crime but we don’t pay enough attention to the root of the problem. The best way to avoid crime is to create, to focus on opportunities and give concrete tools to people who want to improve their living conditions.


P.T. There are about 8 to 12% wrongly convicted people in the U.S. What is your position concerning capital punishment?


L.M. [silence] We need to eradicate capital punishment because I think we should not allow ourselves to be in a position to presume that we have the supreme right to sentence somebody to death. If we had a flawless criminal system with no areas of human error, I would have a different opinion about this. We see too many wrongly convicted people to make me feel comfortable with the idea that someone innocent can be put to death. It is an irreversible outcome. We see too many cases with DNAs where we recognised a huge deficiency in the criminal system when it comes to wrongly imprisoned people. As a result, I believe capital punishment should be eradicated altogether.
P.T. Only 3 percent of habeas corpus petitions are successful in the US and many of these are overturned on appeal. What do you think needs to be corrected in order to change this situation in the judicial system?

L.M. The use of habeas corpus was a necessary strategy to use (in New Jersey state) in the Rubin Carter case. Habeas corpus represents the last resort, the last writ to have your case reviewed by a Supreme court judge. More specifically, it is a legal action through which an individual can seek relief from the illegal detention of himself or another person. It protects the person from harming himself or from being harmed by the legal system. Historically, habeas corpus has been an important tool for the protection of individual freedom against arbitrary state action. The problem with habeas corpus is you cannot look at it in a vacuum. The difficulty isn’t with habeas corpus itself, but it is the systemic state system which leads to the necessity of using habeas corpus.
We have to focus on the state system where often the criminal cases get stuck on the state level (which was the case of Rubin Carter). Every single time, when new evidence comes to light you have to go back down to the bottom level of the state and get through the entire system. The problem with that is it becomes really difficult for human being to change beliefs. The guilt of the person is already established in the mind of those players at the state level. The job is to change their state of mind which can be very difficult. Regarding capital punishment, the habeas corpus is also the last chance. I have a problem with that because I know how it is not easy to get through the state level and have one shot. It is such a difficult battle. This should definitely be changed. Before the necessity of an habeas corpus application, more reviews would be required.
P.T. How did you feel when you first found out that your life would be portrayed in The Hurricane movie, and what did you think of the performance of Vicellous Reon Shannon, the actor who portrayed your character?

L.M. You know, when I first realized that I would become one of the subjects of The Hurricane film, I was delighted. I felt honored to get the opportunity throughout that movie to share a little bit about my background. One of the main messages I wanted the viewers to get was the fact that people should never give up on achieving their dreams. I was excited when I thought about my life retrospectively. I was a ghetto kid who had something to do with giving an opportunity to a legend boxer. I felt rich because of that. Furthermore, Denzel Washington was the person chosen to play the Hurricane role and Vicellous Shannon was selected to play my role. I felt honored to see those highly qualified actors attached to the movie. I think Denzel did an outstanding job playing Rubin. I consider he was denied an Oscar for that performance. I think also Vicellous did a remarkable job playing me. I strongly believe it was an excellent choice. I thought about Vicellous this morning. There is a little talk right now of doing a movie on one of the chapters of my new book.

P.T. This is very interesting.

L.M. I was wondering who might play the role. I can’t talk too much about that at this point.

P.T. So, you are going to keep us in suspense!


L.M. [Laughs] Exactly! When I think of actors, I always have been fascinated by Will Smith because of his professional journey. You know, the story of his show Fresh Prince of Bel Air is similar to my experience. The difference was it concerned a kid from the ghetto who lived with his rich African American uncle. I ended up to be in a rich white area. I always have been fascinated by Will because of that role and I think that he could be an excellent candidate for the new movie.


P.T. When The Hurricane movie came out in 1999, your story more than ever didn’t belong to you anymore. You had to share it with the world. How did you deal with that? How did it change your life?


L.M. This experience brought me to a world totally foreign to me previously, a world where you get to do some exciting things like going on Oprah, on Larry King, having to speak before the world delegate of the United Nations or going to the Oscar celebration and so on. Those experiences can never be forgotten. There were events that I could never had imagine growing up in a ghetto community. I was not able to read and write properly. I could never have thought what the future would have in store for me. I could not imagine that I would have the opportunity to approach these people. This is beyond my wildest dreams.
However, I am also a very pragmatic person. I was raised well despite the lack of opportunity I had when I was younger. My mother was a very practical person with lots of wisdom. In my book, I wrote several expressions she used at the time when I was growing up during my childhood which helped me to be grounded. She had this expression: “Never get too big for your britches”. You should always remember ultimately who you are and where you came from. As a result of that, it allowed my past and my background to enrich me as opposed to enslave me. In this respect, the experiences of The Hurricane movie and the public appearances make me put everything into perspective. I use those events in my life to empower me as opposed to let it go into my head in an insignificant way.

P.T. You were very involved in the process of making the movie The Hurricane. Can you elaborate on that?

L.M. You know with the making of the movie The Hurricane, I got the great opportunity to be directly involved in many respects. It was great to work with the actors Denzel, Vicellous, John Hannah, Deborah Kara Unger and so on. I could participate on set and give my opinion. Sometimes, during shootings everybody was quiet and the director yelled cut! I was somewhere on set in the background and he called me because he needed my feedback. Jewison wanted to be sure that the scene was done accurately as much as possible. He used to say: “Tell us how this has to be done”.
I didn’t know where to put myself and I was like hmm what I am going to say right now to the crew! [laughs]. Even if I felt honored that the director valued my opinion, I often answered do your own stuff [laughs]. Seriously, I have great respect for the director Jewison who established an excellent reputation in North America. He is one of the top Hollywood directors. He wanted my input for several scenes. It was important for him to be sure that the things really went the same way in my life. It was a great opportunity for me to be involved in a really hospitable atmosphere with a very talented, experienced and creative cast. It was a learning and very stimulating experience for me.

P.T. In the NFB documentary The Journey of Lesra Martin, we learn that besides the Torontonians, there were other people in your life who helped you become the man that you are today. Could you comment on that?

L.M. [silence] You know, my life has been filled with miraculously good people. When you grow up in a difficult environment sometimes you overlook the positive influence of some individuals who helped you along the way. With the writing of my book, I got the opportunity to reflect on my life in NY. I shared with the readers a story in particular on an elderly lady, Mrs Costa, who helped me become the man that I am today. When I was bagging groceries at the age of 12, I met her. She was legally blind, walking with her cane and her dog. She came into the store one day and allowed me to assist her by carrying her groceries and walking her home.
This woman became such a significant figure in my life because she opened up for me a world that existed in NY city that I wasn’t aware of. She allowed me to come to her peaceful home. She lived in a brownstone building in Brooklyn behind bars on the windows and the doors. In other words, there was all sort of protection from the outside world. It was just her and her dog. She allowed me to come into her world. When I stepped into her home time after time until I became a person that she could rely on, I did her groceries, the cleaning work, I walked the dog for her, etc. She fed me and gave me money to take care of my family. This gave me the opportunity to stop trying to earn tips elsewhere because of her higher compensation. She taught me also a lot about NY and about who I am.
Picture this, here I am, I had to find a way to survive and to feed my family. She always spoke to me from her heart, knowing that she was vulnerable. She could not see, didn’t trust anybody, but she trusted me. I felt honored. She had so many valuable things and resources in her home. I could have picked lots of things (crystal glasses, jewelries, albums, etc) without her knowing about it. She worked hard all her life as a seamstress and saved her money. She has put her two children in school. Her oldest daughter worked for the Reagan administration in Washington, DC.

In her home, she exposed me to her world. Her neighborhood was filled before with African American professionals (doctors, lawyers, dentists, etc). She lived among them. They had fancy parties at her house. She was an excellent seamstress and dressed them all [laughs]. She was highly respected in the community. She told me stories about how safe the neighborhood was at the time. I didn’t realize that type of world existed.

Grandma Costa believed in me at a time when I hardly had faith in myself. She broadened my strength and showed me my potential. She brought life, hope and grace into my life. Do you know what else I realized with her? I came to the conclusion that I didn’t have it in me to abuse this lady or take advantage of her in any way. It made me feel really rich. It gave me the ability to respond later to people like her. With time, she became more frail. Despite how dependent she became on me because of her aging, she taught me a lot of things. I loved her company. I went to her place everyday after school to help her.


P.T. You were like her caregiver.

L.M. Exactly, and she was my protector. She allowed me to go to her home, I felt safe and not alone in the streets. She taught me that I didn’t have that gene in me. I mean the ability to take advantage of someone despite the desperate circumstances that I was in which can justify a lot of things. Later, I shared with her what was happening with the group of Torontonians who came into my life. They offered me the opportunity to go away and get an excellent education. She sat me down one day. She touched my hand to get my attention. She looked at me with her blind eyes and said you have to get this opportunity to have an excellent education. Nobody can’t ever take away from you what you learned.

P.T. It is a really beautiful story that you are sharing with us. Even if she was blind, she opened your eyes to a lot of things.

L.M. Certainly. She taught me that without an excellent education people live in darkness. She was a clear-eye woman. In other words, she was and still is an eye-opener for me. Despite the fact that she was blind, she could see much more than most people. This blind woman helped me to see. There is valuable wisdom you cannot find in books. It exists in the hearts and minds of our elders. Only one heart can teach another heart what the written word doesn’t say. They pass along our history and the treasure of our ancestors. One of my main motivations in life was to make Grandma Costa proud of me. I admire her kindness and generosity. She has let me know (after my announcement that I was considering the offer of the Torontonians to follow them) that she will make it even if I would not be there anymore to take care of her. She encouraged me to go despite how dependent she was on me. She is a very generous person. She wanted me to take full advantage of this great opportunity and have access to intellectual freedom. This is a valuable lesson to me.

P.T. I believe that this great opportunity happened to you because you cared for her. I think that when you do good things, it comes back to you most of the time. 

L.M. Absolutely. When you do good things, you should not do it because you expect to have something great happen to you. When you do it from the right perspective, things have a way to come back in full circle. The full circle for me consisted of having my path of people who could help me. This makes things harmonious and balanced. If it wasn’t for the encouragement of Grandma Costa, I don’t think I would have been able to take the step to join the Canadians. I trusted and believed in her so much that her opinion mattered. I value her points of view and I am eminently proud of her. She is like a grandmother to me. She used to speak to my own grandmother (now 102 years old) and they became friends. Their relationship remained after my departure from NY. For me, it was amazing to see those black matriarchs guiding me. I know the key to overcome the odds is to hide behind those powerful brownstone’s ladies. There are grandmothers in NY city who are afraid to open up their worlds and their homes to the youth but they are the keys. We need their knowledge.

There are good things in almost every situation. The violence of my neighborhood overshadowed the experience of this elderly lady until I could leave the area. I didn’t realise how beautiful and miraculous this experience was until I was able to get out and look back on it. Grandma Costa gave me the thing missing when the Canadians needed to find a way to feel proud of who I am. I mean that she was the example which came into my mind of strong black people who are role models. This allowed me to balance the feeling of negativity and inferiority that I felt during my early exposure to my new life in Toronto.

There was another person who inspired me: Sam, a man who owned a bar. He was another fellow that I met when I was bagging groceries. Actually, I met him prior to Grandma Costa. Sam allowed me to help him in his bar. I cleaned it up. Meanwhile, he gave me dinners and he would tip me. I did that at least for a couple of months. I violated his trust at one time. For days, he forgot to tip me. I needed the money to put food on my family’s table. I found the money and helped myself to 15$ in change. I will never forget it because I felt so guilty afterward and it became a life lesson. I felt justified at the time to take the money for my family. I figured he just forgot to pay me. As you grow older, you realize that there is always a means to deal with things in a proper way. I felt he owned me the tip and I felt entitled to it. But it was the wrong way to go about it even if I wasn’t paid on time. This lesson taught me that I never wanted to feel bad like this again. Grandma Costa came into my path shortly after Sam. I never had the urge to violate her trust in me because I never wanted to feel that way again. It was an incredible experience because it gave me the opportunity to know more about myself and about what I was made of in my difficult environment.



P.T. In the past, you said to the media that you were working on your autobiography. What happened to this project? Do you plan to pen your autobiography in the future?

L.M. My new book The Power of a Promise to some extent is an autobiography because I share some examples and insights of my life. I received so far great response from my community and among the publication world. As we speak, I am working on book number 2. The Power of a Promise was a critical book for me to write. It was important for me to share the rich background of the ghetto world where I lived. I put emphasis on people who taught me a lot such as Grandma Costa or Sam, the bar owner. My book no 2 is a continuation of The Power of a Promise where I will take six different areas (like my first book) where we need today to focus on as a country and as a world. I look into six areas of development which I think are critical for our way of thinking in our contemporary world. I will do that by using other aspects of my life. I will use the six elements and relate them to examples of my life journey. So, I chose this kind of formula instead of writing a memoir about my life.

P.T. Your new book The Power of a Promise is filled with thoughts, insights and practical guidance for gearing the everyday challenges we all face. Your book takes us on a journey about the life we are meant to live. Could you elaborate on the main messages you would like to communicate to the readers?

L.M. You know, for me The Power of a Promise is a compact little book that shares some stories of my own life which kept me grounded and focused on some of my hopes and my dreams. My book is different in the sense that it is not a practical guide in the formula usually applied to other self-help books. It was important for me to use examples of my life. I believe you can talk in particular about what you know. You can’t escape who you are. People can’t run from the difficult battles they go through from their childhood in a very tough environment. That part always stays with them. People can be haunted by their past. The biggest motivating factor for me in The Power of a Promise then, was the ability to overcome my background.

P.T. This is what is called resilience.

L.M. Definitely. It is also the key to overcome hindrances and hurdles. It was important for me to share this with the readers. I strongly believe that with faith, it is possible to overcome problems for the most part. I made a promise to myself that I would do everything to make my life better and it changed my entire life. It is important for people to stay focused on their dreams and goals. It can be easy to scatter but we have to make an effort to persevere. The enemy can be ourselves. For my part, throughout my journey I read a lot of self-help books which were useful to me. Everybody has his struggles and the most important thing is what you make of them. A negative perspective on things can be destructive and detrimental. The inner struggles need to be overcome. With my book I wanted to lay a foundation which can help people.

P.T. Your book centers on six important elements that provide focus on life. Can you share with us what those elements are, as well as their significance? 

L.M. First of all, the six important elements are hope, heart, human spirit, dreams, determination, and discipline. In each area, I made a promise to myself throughout my life to stay focused. Hope is the beginning of all things. Everything starts with that. Without hope there is no future. Hope gives us the ability to believe that anything is possible. Hope is also a state of mind that encourages us to work for something. It is the answer to overcome hurdles. The heart is a muscle, the more we use it, the stronger it grows. It is important throughout life to be guided by your heart.
The heart has reasons that logic cannot comprehend—let your heart be your guide. Regarding the human spirit, the spirit that resides deep within each one of us is a stranger to both fear and failure. Spirit provides us with the ability to get back up and keep fighting no matter how many times we have been knocked down or counted out. Human spirit knows but one thing—how to try. If you’ve ever watched a young child attempt to tie a shoelace or zip a coat, you will know this to be true. About the dreams, I can say it represents the imaginings of what we can make happen in our lives. Dreams can be big and seem unrealistic at first glance, but they fill us with desire and inspiration. That is their purpose. When we are too afraid to hope and dream, we deprive ourselves of the opportunity to make a better life.
So, it is important to allow yourself to dream. Although dreams are free, the achievement of our dreams often requires a great investment of effort on our part. And when we dream big, undoubtedly, obstacles come into our path. To keep going, we will need both dedication and determination. Determination is the grit that gets us to our goal. Finally, discipline is the ability we all possess to stay focused on our dreams and to remain determined in the pursuit of our purposes—even in the face of temptation. In the world we live in, it’s all too easy to find shortcuts, to focus on indulging our immediate desires, to lay aside our principles and forget about our goals. Discipline is the force that keeps us on the right path by not scattering around, the knife that slashes through our fears.


P.T. You previously mentioned that you considered it a miracle to pen your first book since you were illiterate as a teenager. Could you further comment on that point?

L.M. I consider this as a miracle because there was a time that I had to deal with my problems with reading and writing. Once I was an inner city kid in Brooklyn dismissed by society. I was able to accomplish the miracle to pen my first book by making a commitment to myself and find the ways to fulfill this promise. The key factor in overcoming obstacles is a strong belief that it is possible to move beyond limiting circumstances. In fact, most of the limits are stored in our own minds. With my book, I wanted to share with people my journey and to uncover their hidden strengths to fulfill their own goals and dreams. I strongly believe that each of us has the potential for a great life. People possess gifts which can be shared with others and I hope my book will be part of their journey to discover the miracles which are inside of them.

P.T. Are you planning a promotional tour for your new book in North America, Europe, in England for instance, and the Caribbean in the upcoming months?

L.M. For now, my NY publicist is planning my tour in North America, more specifically in Canada and the US. I want to demystify the literary world because some people are afraid of books or words. My own struggle with illiteracy is a testament that it is possible to overcome this hurdle. I will share with the public my journey and I hope that I will inspire people to achieve their own goals. The most important thing for me is to meet the readers on my tour.

P.T. We know that illiteracy was one of the biggest challenges you had to overcome in your life. You had to start working when you were ten years old. You spoke to many people, groups, and corporations worldwide and to the General Assembly delegates at the United Nations about the devastating effect of illiteracy. Right now, in the world, over 122 million children are working and are deprived of education. As a jurist and activist, what do you think could be done to rectify this situation? What legal international tools could be used to protect those children? How could literacy be better promoted in developing countries?

L.M. This may sound real simplistic to you. One of the most important things is that we have to get back to the basic. We must allow kids to be kids. They have to know that they are allowed to dream. This is the foundation of everything. They have to feel protected and safe. The fact that so many kids right now are deprived of education and have to work in the world, robs their humanity. It takes a village to raise a child and we lost that philosophy in many parts of the world. The well-being of the youth is our responsibility. I believe everything starts at home. Children learn from parents when you set an example for them.
For instance, parents cannot instill in their kids the love of education if their own children never see them read the newspaper or anything else on a regular basis. They must recognize that they have to play an active role in helping their kids. If the parents are not educated they have the responsibility to make sure that other people in their surroundings take an active part in their children’s learning process. Studies proved that kids learn better when educators, parents and community members all play a role in literacy advancement. On a larger scale, corporations, organizations have a duty in helping America’s youth. The fight against illiteracy takes place on a wide scale and requires great financial resources and efforts. The existing worldwide organizations fighting illiteracy need to be recognised and encouraged to make sure that they can outreach to as many at-risk kids as possible around the world through nations large-scale reading projects.

P.T. How do you see your role as a literacy advocate?

L.M. I think that I can only live by example. But on a larger level, as a society we have the responsibility to provide a decent education for the youth. I use my voice to enlighten people on the importance of literacy and the devastating effects when people are deprived of it. As a spokesperson for organizations such as an APB speaker (The American Program Bureau speaker), it is the way I chose to advocate on this issue. I see it at as an obligation and I strongly believe that as a society we cannot afford to neglect education among our youth. We all know this famous quote: “ A mind is a terrible thing to waste”. In summary, I see myself as an advocate for youth education. When I have the opportunity, I speak at different forums around the world to establish a rapport with a diverse audience and world leaders.

P.T. I am sure that the words “impossible” and “can’t” are not part of your vocabulary, Mr. Martin. We read on your web site (http://www.lesra.com) and in your new book that when you were in grade 10, you told your class that you dreamed of becoming a lawyer. After a long uncomfortable pause, your teacher leaned over and whispered that you were meant to be a garbage man or to do something with your hands. She added that you needed to do something more realistic with your life. Childhood dreams did not exist where you grew up in Bed-Stuy, but you took advantage of the opportunities that life gave you and you succeeded against all odds. Do you have a message of hope for kids and young people who believe they are not smart or who are surrounded by negative people?
L.M. I want to simply say to young people that they have to focus on positive people and on people who set an example with their own lives. Actions speak louder than words. When I began to work in the bar, I met Grandma Costa who gave me the positive energy to keep on going. As you well said, I definitely don’t believe in the words “can’t” and “impossible”. Those words do not match with the human spirit. We can do anything if we set our minds to it. The moment someone believes that he can’t accomplish something, this is when failure occurs. I challenge people all the time to look on positive things. In almost every difficult situation, there is a lesson to learn and there is a positive avenue where you can focus.
I would like kids to know that it is important to not have fears. They must not think that they are not good enough to achieve their goals. They must aspire to be successful. It is imperative to try. The real failure is to not try. They have to surround themselves with people who believe in them. When you listen to people who do not believe in you, you give them power. I would like to say also to young people that if one door is blocked, move to another door which can be wider. It is important to always try to adapt. If negative people try to stop you, find a way to persevere. People progress with determination and established goals. In a more pragmatic manner, young people can join organizations such as Big Brother Big Sisters of America or the Boys and Girls Clubs which provide guidance. To finish, I am going to leave the readers with this quote (that I love) from Oprah: “You define your own life. Don’t let other people write your script”.

P.T. Thank you so much Mr. Martin for this rich and candid conversation. Thanks for sharing your legal expertise and speaking to us about your new book. It was an honour and a privilege to interview you!


Books

Lazarus and the Hurricane, Sam Chaiton and Terry Swinton, 1991

The Power of a promise: Life Lessons Encountered on my Journey from Illiteracy to a Lawyer, Lesra Martin with Tashon Ziara, 2009

These books are available on www.amazon.com or .ca and www.barnesandnoble.com

DVD

The Hurricane (1999) (available on www.amazon.com or .ca)

The journey of Lesra Martin (2002) (available on www.amazon.ca or www.nfb.ca)

Memberships

Lesra Martin holds a Lifetime membership with the National Black Caucus of Special Educators, a division of the CEC (Washington, D.C.)

Martin is on the board of the Boys and Girls Club (Kamloops)

Awards:

- The YMCA Black Achievers Partner in Excellence Award (Ohio)

- In April, 2000, Lesra Martin was honoured with an award from the Council for Exceptional Children.


EXCERPTS FROM LESRA MARTIN’S NEW BOOK, THE POWER OF A PROMISE:


• Promise to Focus on the Positive:

To change your life you have to change the messages in you!

Changing the messages that play in our head is an important part of changing our focus. Often, we aren’t even aware of how negative and limiting those messages are. If you want to go somewhere, tell yourself you belong there. If you want to accomplish something, tell yourself you are capable. If you want to move forward in your life, turn that negative voice into a positive one.
We all have struggles. We all have difficulty staying focused on what is truly important in our lives. What we do during those times of struggle, how we face up to our difficulties, and whether or not we are able to refocus on our priorities is what determines our ultimate success in life. One of the biggest challenges I faced in my own life was illiteracy. Little did I know that, in finding a way to overcome my problem, I would discover a valuable tool I could use to tackle all of the other challenges that I would encounter.

• Use your passion to LEARN!

Some people accept their lot in life! Lack of motivation or enthusiasm is something that keeps a lot of people from doing things that would make their lives richer and happier. An important part of being ready to LEARN is not just accepting the way things are if they aren’t working for you. If you don’t like the way your life is going, don’t settle. Scramble the pieces and continue to look for a better way to fit them together. It’s never too late to flip the coin and try something new. It’s never too late to learn a few new tricks. LEARN from the people you encounter! We can learn a lot from the people we meet if we pay attention. Make the most of your time, LEARN to engage!

• Promise to stay focused on your goals

The big secret in life is that there is no big secret. Whatever your goal, you can get there if you’re willing to work.
Oprah Winfrey

One of the sayings my grandmother always used when I was young is, “Life will throw you curveballs, but if you continue to swing away, you just never know when you might hit a home run.” All through her life, Granny has practiced what she preached, and because of that she has been an inspiration in my life. Even with the hardships she has endured, I don’t recall even one time when she let circumstances get the better of her. She always stayed focused on what needed to be done, on taking care of business, and on taking care of the family. That’s the kind of determination I try to emulate in my life.

• The human mind is, no doubt, capable of remarkable things. In large part this is due to the power of imagination and the inability of the subconscious mind to differentiate between what is real and what we have made up. We can use this power to help us or hinder us. We can choose to dwell on the disappointments in our life (replaying them over and over like a never-ending horror movie), or we can make a promise to ourselves to create our own “highlights reel” of the positive experiences we’ve had and make them the main feature in our head.

• As I was growing up, my mother always said, “You have to dress for the job you want, not the job you have. You have to think for the life you want, not for the life you have”.
Making that promise to myself helped me to start to focus on where I wanted to be, on what I wanted to accomplish, and on the life I wanted to build.

Patricia Turnier
About the author:
Patricia Turnier, LL.M., is a freelance reporter and Columnist with AfroToronto.com. She can be reached at patricia@afrotoronto.com
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